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About Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "herbs" "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze".

Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.

Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.

Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues.

Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 47.7% of people were in a registered marriage and 11.7% were in a de facto marriage.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 31.9% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these, 28.1% were in primary school, 17.9% in secondary school and 19.5% in a tertiary or technical institution.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.3% of people had both parents born in Australia and 41.7% of people had both parents born overseas.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 67.9% did unpaid domestic work in the week before the Census. During the two weeks before the Census, 31.4% provided care for children and 10.0% assisted family members or others due to a disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. In the year before the Census, 13.6% of people did voluntary work through an organisation or a group.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 18.6% of single parents were male and 81.4% were female.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of couple families with children, 32.0% had both partners employed full-time, 3.4% had both employed part-time and 24.6% had one employed full-time and the other part-time.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 93.5% of private dwellings were occupied and 6.5% were unoccupied.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of occupied private dwellings 9.5% had 1 bedroom, 33.2% had 2 bedrooms and 37.8% had 3 bedrooms. The average number of bedrooms per occupied private dwelling was 2.7. The average household size was 2.8 people.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of all households, 75.4% were family households, 20.4% were single person households and 4.2% were group households.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 14.2% of households had a weekly household income of less than $650 and 26.6% of households had a weekly income of more than $3000.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.6% of occupied private dwellings had one registered motor vehicle garaged or parked at their address, 38.7% had two registered motor vehicles and 13.5% had three or more registered motor vehicles.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 85.4% of households had at least one person access the internet from the dwelling. This could have been through a desktop/laptop computer, mobile or smart phone, tablet, music or video player, gaming console, smart TV or any other device.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 49.5% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people were male and 50.5% were female. The median age was 26 years.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the average household size was 2.9 persons, with 1.1 persons per bedroom. The median household income was $2,034.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the median weekly rent was $480 and the median monthly mortgage repayment was $2,400.

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About the Portuguese Language

Portuguese is a Romance language originating in the Iberian Peninsula of Europe. It is the sole official language of Portugal, Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, and Brazil, while having co-official language status in East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, and Macau. A Portuguese-speaking person or nation is referred to as "Lusophone" (lusófono). As the result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese and Portuguese creole speakers are also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal, and has kept some Celtic phonology and its lexicon.

With approximately 215 to 220 million native speakers and 50 million L2 speakers, Portuguese has approximately 270 million total speakers. It is usually listed as the sixth-most spoken language and the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers. Being the most widely spoken language in South America and all of the Southern Hemisphere, it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America, one of the 10 most spoken languages in Africa,[14] and is an official language of the European Union, Mercosur, the Organization of American States, the Economic Community of West African States, the African Union, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, an international organization made up of all of the world's officially Lusophone nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of the 10 most influential languages in the world.