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About Bourke

Bourke is a town in the north-west of New South Wales, Australia. The administrative centre and largest town in Bourke Shire, Bourke is approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north-west of the state capital, Sydney, on the south bank of the Darling River.

The location of the current township of Bourke on a bend in the Darling River is the traditional country of the Ngemba people.

The first European-born explorer to encounter the river was Charles Sturt in 1828 who named it after Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales. Having struck the region during an intense drought and a low river, Sturt dismissed the area as largely uninhabitable and short of any features necessary for establishing reliable industry on the land.

Bourke was surveyed for a town in 1869 and soon established itself as the outback trade hub of New South Wales with several transportation industries setting up branches in the town. By the 1880s Bourke would host a Cobb & Co Coach Terminus, several paddle boat companies running the Darling and a bridge crossing the river that would allow for road transportation into the town.

Opened on 4 May 1883, the North Bourke Bridge was designed by J H Daniels and modified in 1895 and 1903 by E M de Burgh. Its construction was begun by David BailIie and completed by McCulloch and Company. The 1895 modifications led to improved designs for subsequent lift-span bridges. The bridge is the oldest moveable-span bridge in Australia and is the sole survivor of its type in New South Wales. It served for 114 years before being bypassed in 1997 when a new bridge carrying the Mitchell Highway was opened just downstream.

By 1885 Bourke would be accessible by rail, confirming its position as a major inland transport hub. Like many outback Australian townships, Bourke would come to rely on camels for overland transport, and the area supported a large Afghan community that had been imported to drive the teams of camels. A small Afghan mosque that dates back to the 1900s can be found within Bourke cemetery.

As trade moved away from river transport routes, Bourke's hold on the inland trade industry began to relax. Whilst no longer considered a trade centre, Bourke serves instead as a key service centre for the state's north western regions. In this semi-arid outback landscape, sheep farming along with some small irrigated cotton crops comprise the primary industry in the area today.

Bourke's traditional landholders endured a similar fate to indigenous people across Australia. Dispossessed of their traditional country and in occasional conflict with white settlers, they battled a loss of land and culture and were hit hard by European disease. While the population of the local Ngemba and Barkindji people around the town of Bourke had dwindled by the late 19th century, many continued to live a traditional lifestyle in the region. Others found employment on local stations working with stock and found their skill as trackers in high demand.

A large influx of displaced Aboriginal peoples from other areas in the 1940s saw Bourke's indigenous community grow and led to the establishment of a reserve in 1946 by the Aborigines Protection Board. The majority of indigenous settlers were Wangkumara people from the Tibooburra region

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 33.2% of people were in a registered marriage and 18.8% were in a de facto marriage.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 37.5% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these, 24.5% were in primary school, 11.3% in secondary school and 8.3% in a tertiary or technical institution.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 71.1% of people had both parents born in Australia and 4.9% of people had both parents born overseas.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 50.6% did unpaid domestic work in the week before the Census. During the two weeks before the Census, 22.4% provided care for children and 10.2% assisted family members or others due to a disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. In the year before the Census, 21.7% of people did voluntary work through an organisation or a group.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 22.9% of single parents were male and 77.1% were female.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of couple families with children, 33.8% had both partners employed full-time, 3.3% had both employed part-time and 21.7% had one employed full-time and the other part-time.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 81.9% of private dwellings were occupied and 18.1% were unoccupied.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of occupied private dwellings 5.4% had 1 bedroom, 15.2% had 2 bedrooms and 46.7% had 3 bedrooms. The average number of bedrooms per occupied private dwelling was 3.1. The average household size was 2.5 people.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), of all households, 66.2% were family households, 32.2% were single person households and 1.6% were group households.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 19.6% of households had a weekly household income of less than $650 and 9.5% of households had a weekly income of more than $3000.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 39.8% of occupied private dwellings had one registered motor vehicle garaged or parked at their address, 28.2% had two registered motor vehicles and 9.5% had three or more registered motor vehicles.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 62.0% of households had at least one person access the internet from the dwelling. This could have been through a desktop/laptop computer, mobile or smart phone, tablet, music or video player, gaming console, smart TV or any other device.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), 44.9% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people were male and 55.1% were female. The median age was 26 years.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the average household size was 3 persons, with 0.9 persons per bedroom. The median household income was $1,208.

In Bourke (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the median weekly rent was $175 and the median monthly mortgage repayment was $1,000.

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About the Estonian Language

Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. The Finnic group also includes Finnish and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in Saint-Petersburg and Karelian region in Russia. Alongside Finnish, Hungarian and Maltese, Estonian is one of the four official languages of European Union that is not of an Indo-European origin. Despite some overlaps in the vocabulary due to borrowings, in terms of its origin, Estonian and Finnish are not related to their nearest geographical neighbours, Swedish, Latvian, and Russian (which are all Indo-European languages), however they are related to the nearby minority Karelian and Livonian languages.

Estonian is a predominantly agglutinative language, but unlike Finnish, it has lost vowel harmony, the front vowels occurring exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although in older texts and in South Estonian dialects the vowel harmony can still be recognized. Furthermore, the loss of word-final sounds is extensive, and this has made its inflectional morphology markedly more fusional, especially with respect to noun and adjective inflection. The transitional form from an agglutinating to a fusional language is a common feature of Estonian typologically over the course of history with the development of a rich morphological system.