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About Botany

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning "pasture", "herbs" "grass", or "fodder"; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze".

Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes.

Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify – and later cultivate – edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of nomenclature of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day for the naming of all biological species. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately.

Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which study the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues.

Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 47.7% of people were in a registered marriage and 11.7% were in a de facto marriage.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 31.9% of people were attending an educational institution. Of these, 28.1% were in primary school, 17.9% in secondary school and 19.5% in a tertiary or technical institution.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.3% of people had both parents born in Australia and 41.7% of people had both parents born overseas.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of people aged 15 years and over, 67.9% did unpaid domestic work in the week before the Census. During the two weeks before the Census, 31.4% provided care for children and 10.0% assisted family members or others due to a disability, long term illness or problems related to old age. In the year before the Census, 13.6% of people did voluntary work through an organisation or a group.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 18.6% of single parents were male and 81.4% were female.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of couple families with children, 32.0% had both partners employed full-time, 3.4% had both employed part-time and 24.6% had one employed full-time and the other part-time.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 93.5% of private dwellings were occupied and 6.5% were unoccupied.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of occupied private dwellings 9.5% had 1 bedroom, 33.2% had 2 bedrooms and 37.8% had 3 bedrooms. The average number of bedrooms per occupied private dwelling was 2.7. The average household size was 2.8 people.

In Botany (State Suburbs), of all households, 75.4% were family households, 20.4% were single person households and 4.2% were group households.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 14.2% of households had a weekly household income of less than $650 and 26.6% of households had a weekly income of more than $3000.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 36.6% of occupied private dwellings had one registered motor vehicle garaged or parked at their address, 38.7% had two registered motor vehicles and 13.5% had three or more registered motor vehicles.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 85.4% of households had at least one person access the internet from the dwelling. This could have been through a desktop/laptop computer, mobile or smart phone, tablet, music or video player, gaming console, smart TV or any other device.

In Botany (State Suburbs), 49.5% of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people were male and 50.5% were female. The median age was 26 years.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the average household size was 2.9 persons, with 1.1 persons per bedroom. The median household income was $2,034.

In Botany (State Suburbs), for dwellings occupied by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people, the median weekly rent was $480 and the median monthly mortgage repayment was $2,400.

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About the Croatian Language

Croatian is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language used by Croats, principally in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Serbian province of Vojvodina, and other neighboring countries. It is the official and literary standard of Croatia and one of the official languages of the European Union. Croatian is also one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a recognized minority language in Serbia and neighboring countries.

Standard Croatian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, more specifically on Eastern Herzegovinian, which is also the basis of Standard Serbian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin. In the mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca pushing back regional Chakavian, Kajkavian, and Shtokavian vernaculars.

Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main dialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian. These dialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English, though this term is controversial for native speakers, and paraphrases such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" are therefore sometimes used instead, especially in diplomatic circles.